The topic of this article is discussion and analysis regarding the views related to state building. In the last three decades of the 20th century detailed theoretical debates about the paths and processes of state building have been raised by thinkers and researchers in the field of State studies and they are still on the path of expansion and deepening. The central and common point of all these discussions is the lateness of the state and its connection with the developments of the modern era. The fundamental question in all these theories is that; What platforms and contexts caused the formation of the state/states in the new eras, And also that, this new establishment, which is often associated with extraordinary awe and hegemony during what process did it enter the field and what changes did it go through? In this article, an attempt has been made to discuss the lateness of the State and its difference with other equivalent concepts; The government and the regime have proposed a classification of these views and the contents and theoretical foundations of each point of view should be discussed. The three types presented (the effect of new wars on state building, the existence of new bases and contexts for the formation of the state, and the existence of a suitable cultural base), although they are not completely separate, each has its own arguments regarding They have proposed the reasons and process of the formation of the state in the new era.

Spiritual Journey is the most fundamental section of mysticism. Its philosophy pertains to various ambitions of humanity whereby the most significant reason is returning to the territory of light and acquiring eternal life that in Islamic mysticism it is called “ survival” . Following the descent of man, what is called “ arc of descent” is finished and mankind, as the only creature that is capable of ascending and returning to the real town, should travel to the town of life. On the path of spiritual journey, the spiritual wayfarer sees some rays of light that can be sometimes categorized and some other times lack personal criterion on that, for instance, the numerous titles and their exchanges during categorizations are the major most barriers of doing the process. This paper investigates the allegories of light in Islamic mysticism via the descriptive analytic method.

This research was conducted to measure Persian EFL students‟ s degree of willingness to write in English. To reach the goal, semi-structured interviews were conducted, deriving inspiration from earlier works of McCrosky and Baer (1985), MacIntyre, Dornyei, Clement, and Noels (1998), and Yashima (2002) on willingness to communicate. The participants of the study were 29 individuals comprising 23 university students from different majors and 6 writing experts with academic statuses varying from BA holders in TEFL to university professors in applied linguistics. They were interviewed in two separate layers via employing the Delphi technique. Content analysis was conducted on the interviews and the components were extracted; the WTW questionnaire was then designed and developed for the first time and was validated via conducting factor analysis and was then administered to 257 university and IELTS students. The final version of the questionnaire included 38 items after having been factor analyzed. The results indicated that there are four factors underlying the construct of willingness to write, which are interlinguaprofession, cognition, involvement, and technology. The findings of the study can bring considerable benefits to EFL students to recognize the influential factors on their degree of willingness to write (WTW) and try to boost the facilitating factors to become more autonomous learners. Academic EFL/ESL writing teachers can enhance their students‟ writing ability via embarking upon new strategies through which they can make learners more willing to write by promoting learners‟ involvement and engagement in writing, as one of the findings of this study.

Deep socio-cultural changes in recent decades have brought about fundamental changes in the way people look at family and marriage, and today, compared to the relatively homogeneous situation of the past, we are faced with a very diverse range of marital attitudes. Based on this, the current study, focusing on the concept of "Incompatible Marriage", is based on the basic assumption that incompatible attitude combinations in marriage act like incompatible blood combinations and can equally be destructive, challenging and harmful to the marital relationship. be corrosive In the present study, the above hypothesis was tested based on the secondary analysis of the data of two couple surveys (husband and wife) in 2013 and 2014, and the results of both surveys showed a significant positive correlation between the attitudinal gap between couples and their marital quality. And it also shows between the attitude gap and the degree of tendency to divorce. In short, these results indicate the frequency of marital conflicts and the severity of the tendency to divorce in discordant marriages and introduce the risk of divorce and tense marriages devoid of quality as the most important consequences of discordant marriages. This is despite the fact that both in studies and researches and in family policies, instead of focusing on the main root of the problem (occurrence of discordant marriages), the emphasis is on how couples manage and cope with problems and challenges that somehow they are considered the result of the mentioned issue. Based on this, the current review emphasizes the need for a fundamental change in approach from marriage to marriage, and focusing on the prevention of discordant marriages in the policies of this field, and in order to achieve this goal, specific implementation plans in the form of three strategies provides continuous assessment and monitoring", "training and culture building" and "strengthening of consulting services".

Purpose: Identifying, classifying, and analyzing citation contexts of information science articles based on Hyland’ s meta-discourse approach. Methodology: This research was carried out in two phases: “ citation class identification” (Jurgens et al., 2016) and “ metadiscourse-based analysis of identified function” (Hyland, 2005). 164 citation contexts of 10 citing articles in English (including 656 explicit and implicit sentences) were analyzed. Findings: Based on metadiscourse, citation functions were categorized in 2 classes named “ Interactive citations” and “ Interactional citations” included 4 sub-classes in the second level, 14 sub-classes in the third level and 23 sub-classes in the forth. Interactive functions were understood more than interactional ones. Moreover, the perceived classes were more descriptive than analytical. Conclusions: The similarity between the taxonomy perceived in this study and existing citation classification schemes in the literature, is to the third level. In addition, most similarities are in the area of interactive functions. It seems that interactional citations identified in this study could be used to refine citation contexts in scientific information retrieval systems as well as in the process of qualitative evaluation of the impact of research.